Industrial high-pressure water jet injury patterns: looks like a gunshot wound

High-pressure water jet units deliver large volumes of water at very high pounds per square inch. Entry wounds can be small, but internal tissue damage extensive, similar to military rifles.

BLUF:

If the water jet is a bit further from the skin, penetration can be more of a blast pattern. Fatal massive hemorrhage with extremity injuries from artery and / or vein disruption has occurred. Penetrating torso injury with internal organ damage also occurs. Often, these high-pressure water jets are used in enclosed spaces, further complicating casualty evaluation, immediate hemorrhage control, and casualty extraction. Ultimately, TECC guidelines on the care of blast and penetrating trauma casualties while still in a high-risk environment seem well suited to guide the management of these casualties.

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High-pressure water jet units are capable of 10,000 to 40,000 psi. Small penetration wounds with extensive internal damage often characterize injuries associated with their use. Water volumes of up to 3.8 liters per second can result in a large pressure transfer into the wound.¹ “Depending on the surface area of the nozzle, fluid velocity can mimic those of military rifles…”² As the energy of the water jet dissipates, it causes a “blast pattern” of injury from the pressure wave rather than just direct penetration.²

In 2021, a fatal injury involving a high-pressure water jet unit occurred. Unfortunately, an adult male using the water unit was found dead at his construction site, having bled out of a femoral artery and vein complete transection in his left thigh.

His outer thigh wound was a deep ten-inch laceration. There were two more superficial lacerations across the right thigh, suggesting the water jet hit that thigh, cut through that thigh, and then penetrated deeply into the left thigh. The pathologist described it as essentially a deep stab wound.³ Looking at the autopsy photos, it might have been a tourniquet-able wound. Certainly, wound packing and direct pressure on the femoral artery as it entered the high thigh would have been additional hemorrhage control options. Unfortunately, he wasn’t found until after he bled out. As of 2021, there have been over 20 case reports of high-pressure water jet injuries, some fatal.³

Photo: Fig. 2. Anterior surface of the left femoral injury (A). Posterior surface of the left femoral injury (B). About the anterior surface, subcutaneous muscle layer was drastically transected, and both of the femoral artery and vein were completely disrupted (C). Anterior surface of the right femoral injury which was the inverse “U”-like shapes and the length of these injuries were 14 cm and 26 cm (D). Injuries were superficial and tissue-bridges clearly existed, and fragments of clothing (arrows)attached to the injury (E).³

In 2015, an untrained worker was passing the water jet to another when he accidentally discharged it. The water jet caused “S” circular lacerations across his torso and right thigh. Ultimately, the lacerations to the thigh completely severed the femoral artery and vein below the inguinal ligament or groin crease: He died from massive hemorrhage. Looking at the autopsy photos, the wound was too high or proximal for a tourniquet. Wound packing might have worked, but the penetration was narrow. A wound-packing device like XSTAT would have been optimal. Inguinal direct pressure would have also been an option. Additionally, there was another fatal femoral artery laceration published in 1990.⁴

In a review of twenty cases of injury by water jets¹ through the year 2000:

nine involved lower extremities,
two involved neck wounds,
one neck-injured casualty presented in profound shock with an over-one-inch laceration to their internal jugular and subclavian veins. This resulted in a substantial amount of bleeding around one lung

Lastly, there have been cases of inadvertent penetration into the abdomen resutling in a “large amount of blood” in the abdomen at surgery. From 1966 until 2014, there were ten published cases of similar penetrating abdominal injury. Accidents occurred secondary to hose blockage, five cases of misdirected spraying or a loose grip on the device, device malfunction, and one case of user error. 80% had damage to at least one intraabdominal organ.2 Bowel and colon perforations frequently occur.1

Notes:

¹Tejero-Trujeque R. High-pressure water jet injuries: a surgical emergency. J Wound Care. 2000 Apr;9(4):175-9. doi: 10.12968/jowc.2000.9.4.25976. PMID: 11933301.

²Magneson F, O’Rear J. High pressure water jet injury to the abdomen: A case report and literature review. Occupational Med and Health Affairs. 2014.

³Ishigami A, Iwahashi Y, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Kuninaka Y, Yamamoto H, Hashizume Y, Kondo T. Fatal injury by high-pressure water jet unit – A case report. J Forensic Leg Med. 2021 Nov;84:102270. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102270. Epub 2021 Oct 28. PMID: 34742124.

⁴Radojevic N, Radnic B, Curovic I. Fatal Penetrating Injuries Sustained by High-pressure Water Jet Unit. J Forensic Sci. 2015 Nov;60(6):1652-3. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12861. Epub 2015 Aug 6. PMID: 26250721.

(M) Massive Hemorrhage

Industrial high-pressure water jet injury patterns: looks like a gunshot wound

High-pressure water jet units deliver large volumes of water at very high pounds per square inch. Entry wounds can be small, but internal tissue damage extensive, similar to military rifles.

BLUF:

Notes:

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(M) Massive Hemorrhage

High-pressure water jet units deliver large volumes of water at very high pounds per square inch. Entry wounds can be small, but internal tissue damage extensive, similar to military rifles.

BLUF:

Notes:

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